The origin of the education of princes in the Qing Dynasty could be traced back to the period of Qing Taizu Nurhachi. He himself placed great importance on educating the children of his own clan and set up many schools. When Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty arrived, Huang Taiji ordered: "Today, the children of the Baylors and ministers are studying, so they can learn knowledge, explain giri, and be loyal to the monarch. From now on, all children under the age of fifteen and over the age of eight are allowed to study.”At that time, Hongwen Academy was established. One of its duties was to have the Grand Scholar give lectures to the Emperor, the Princes, and the other princes.
After the Qing Dynasty unified the country, the education system for princes became more formal and perfect, and the education system for princes in the upper study was gradually established. This system was the product of the Qing Dynasty's change in the system of succession to the throne."In view of the conflict between the Di and Shu in the past dynasties, this dynasty will never establish a crown prince. Prince Liu Ling will enter the study room to study.”The system of succession to the throne before the Qing Dynasty generally followed the principle of the patriarch system, which was the so-called "eldest son succession system". However, the secret succession system established by Emperor Yongzheng was no longer restricted to the establishment of a direct heir like in previous generations. Instead, the emperor chose the heir from the princes who had undergone strict education. This made it possible for every prince to "inherit the throne." Even if they could not ascend to the throne, as the descendants of Aisin Gioro, they had the responsibility to establish great achievements for the great cause left behind by their ancestors. Therefore, in the Qing Dynasty, it had become a tradition to attach importance to the education of princes.
The princes of the Qing royal family had received the strictest training in education before they were familiar with human affairs. They woke up every morning and were taught by the only Grand Preceptor in the palace. The first class was Chinese literature. When these royal students entered the classroom, the teacher had to get up from his chair to accept the students '"invitation". He returned the salute and sat down.
If the homework was memorized, a student would place the book in front of the Grand Preceptor and then return to his seat to memorize it repeatedly. If the homework was not memorized, the Grand Preceptor would ask a eunuch present to bring a pointer and demonstrate it correctly again. Each prince was accompanied by eight students (known in Manchu as "Ha Ha Zhu Zi", which meant that they were the children who served the prince's grandson), and they had to study the same textbooks as the prince. It was necessary to admonish the latter more strictly. If the prince could not carry it, Haha Zhuzi would have to take the punishment for him. On the other hand, if the prince did as well as the other students, they would also be praised or rewarded.
As a last resort, he could only make the most rebellious prince suffer the punishment of the whip. Even though the Grand Preceptor only said that most of the time, if he really couldn't take it anymore, he would still take him to see the Emperor. At this time, the Qing Emperor would order a eunuch to pinch his face. The Empress Dowager used this method to punish the late Emperor Tongzhi.
The Chinese literature class lasted two hours, followed by the essay writing in Manchu Tunguska and Mongolian. The teacher's rank was slightly lower than the Grand Preceptor's, and he was called " Master." He had to greet the students at the door and bow before the class began. He learned Manchu Tunguska and Mongolian, and sometimes he also learned local dialect.
The next course was to conduct horse, step, archery and other competitive sports under the tutelage of "Fuda"(Manchu, the person who taught the princes and grandchildren archery and national language). Fencing, wrestling, the young princes spent the whole day training their brains and physical strength, so they went to bed early. They ate a fixed amount of food every day, and gambling was not allowed.
Princes must get married at the age of 15. If he was confirmed to be the crown prince, he would have to choose a crown princess for him. A year before the selection of the official Crown Princess, the Imperial Clan Court had to first choose a palace maid who was one year older than him to teach him how to be a husband. If the prince agreed, this palace maid could also become the crown prince's concubine.
The honorific title of the Empress could only be used by one person in a harem. Other concubines were not allowed to spend the night with the Emperor unless they had the Empress Dowager's permission. When the Qing Emperor went to bed, there were eight palace maids waiting on him and 16 maids from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Their duty was to serve their master. They were not allowed to sneeze, cough, spit, or make any noise. The first thing Emperor Qing did when he woke up was to clap his hands and summon the eunuch on duty.
Every year during the Spring Festival, the Emperor and the Empress would host a banquet together. The empress sat on the left side of the emperor. This was the only occasion in a year where all the concubines gathered. The emperor could see all his lovers and compare them. The empress handed the food to the eunuchs, who respectfully placed it on their knees after receiving it. The emperor also used the same etiquette to give food to his concubines.
The place where the princes and grandsons studied was called the " study room ". Kangxi's study room was in Wuyi House in Changchun Garden to prevent his descendants from being too playful. They had to be carefree and not idle. They had to not be too playful and not be too fond of pleasure.
It was three to five in the morning, and Yin was four in the morning. The princes had to go to Wu Yi Zhai to review the first day's homework. They needed two hours, or two hours. The crown prince was only 13 years old at this time, and he had to go to Wu Yi Zhai's study at three in the morning. Of course, he got up earlier, which was the time of the day.
---(Damn, it's three in the morning, and it's like this every day. Poor kids.)
The teacher arrived at the classroom from 5 am to 7 am. The Manchu teacher Dahata and the Chinese teacher Tang Bin arrived at the study room. When they arrived, they first knelt down for the crown prince. Then, they checked the princes 'homework and asked them to memorize the books. The princes memorized every word correctly. Then, Master Hanwen drew the next paragraph for him and recited the next paragraph.
It was the time of the day, which was from 7 to 9 in the morning. By this time, the students had already been in class for four hours. Kang Xi came to Wuyi House after court. The princes went to the steps outside the house to welcome Kang Xi. After Kang Xi came, he sat down and said that he wanted to recite, so he asked his son to recite. Kang Xi took out a book and randomly selected a paragraph, and the prince recited it. After reciting it, every word was good.
(Kangxi came to supervise the princes 'memorization after the morning court session, which shows the importance he attached to education.)
Kangxi said,"When I was young, I had to recite a book 120 times. After that, I had to recite it 120 times until I was completely familiar with it. Then, I would change to the next paragraph and learn it paragraph by paragraph." At this time, a minister said,"Is it enough to say 100 times?" Kangxi said that he had to recite it 120 times. Then, he asked the other masters how they did just now. Some of the teachers said that the crown prince was very smart and could recite very well. Kang Xi said that they should not praise him and should criticize them more so that they would not become arrogant. After the inspection, Kang Xi dealt with the government affairs.
Si Shi, from nine to eleven o'clock. At this time, he remembered that it was already the end of the day and it was very hot. When the prince was reading, he was not allowed to hold a fan or wave a fan. He was not allowed to sit upright and write at this time. Every word had to be written 100 times to practice calligraphy.
---(I estimate that there will be more than ten of them every time)
It was already noon. From 11:00 to 1:00, it was time for lunch. The guards brought food over. The princes also let their teachers eat. The teachers knelt down to receive the food and then went to their seats to eat. The princes ate on the other side. After eating, they did not rest and continued their homework.
(So pitiful that I have nothing to say. Even a senior in high school has a nap time at noon.)
It was already late at night, from one to three o'clock. At this time, the princes arrived at a courtyard outside Wuyi House. There were targets and archery there. One was to rest, one was to exercise, and the other was to practice riding archery and martial arts.
At 15:00 to 17:00, Kang Xi went to Wu Yi Zhai to check his homework again. He even asked the princes to memorize it. The princes lined up to memorize it one by one.
It was 17 to 19 o'clock. The class was held outside Wuyi House. Kangxi first had the philosophers shoot arrows one by one, then the masters shot arrows one by one. Finally, Kangxi shot arrows himself. The history books recorded it as " continuous shots." After the class was over, school ended.
From three in the morning to seven in the evening, please note that it was not a day, but every day. It was called " Endless Cold and Heat." It was like this every day.
There were no electric lights, and there was a lack of entertainment at night. Usually, it was already very late to go to bed at nine o'clock. Waking up from three to five o'clock was nothing. This was basically the daily routine in the palace. The emperor was like this, and so were the princes and princesses. In the palace, if they stayed in bed or didn't wash up properly after getting up, the maids and eunuchs around them would definitely suffer. Therefore, the Qing Palace had long formed such a regular work and rest time, which was not as difficult as people imagined.
Wuyi House was the place where the crown prince studied in Spring Garden. There were many princes in Kangxi, and the age gap was very large. Therefore, the places where they studied were quite scattered, and it seemed that there was no fixed place. Some of the princes studied in the palace where they lived, such as Zhaoxiang's. According to the current records, Fahai taught in the Hall of Diligence when he was the 13th and 14th teachers.
When Kangxi asked the princes to read, it was because he wanted to show off his son's ability in front of the ministers. He had " specially summoned the princes to recite it " and let the ministers " try it out." It was not like this every day, and Kangxi did not have the time. As for the Crown Prince, he checked his homework every day.
The 120 times was also said by Kangxi in the praise of the ministers during this "show". He said,"I must read 120 times when I was young. If I don't do this, the giri can't be immersed. Therefore, I taught the Crown Prince and the other princes to be like this." However, the eight generations have said that it is too much, that only dozens of times is enough, I do not think so.”It doesn't seem like there's anything like reading reciting 240 times ~
Calligraphy? It seemed that he had never heard of Kangxi asking his son to write a word a hundred times. On the other hand, the old master himself had to write more than a thousand words every day since he was young. He must have asked the prince to do the same. As for Eighth Brother's father's instructions to " give special treatment " to him after he left his residence, it was also because he loved him and did not want him to widen the gap in calligraphy between him and the other princes. Moreover, Eighth Brother did not write it himself, but found someone else to write it for him. It should not be too tiring, right?
It was not allowed to open the windows and enjoy the cool in the middle of summer. The old master explained to his sons," When you see me in the middle of summer, you don't open the windows or accept the cool wind. It's because you're used to it since you were young and your heart is calm, so your body doesn't feel hot. This is exactly what the ancients said: as long as you can calm your mind, your body will cool down. Besides, the summer moon is not greedy for the cool wind, which is also very beneficial to the body. Because the summer moon is full of yin qi in the interior, if you take a moment of cool and comfortable, but the summer heat will be blocked in the striae, at that time you will not feel the harm, but later may cause diseases. Every time I see people in the deep autumn, there are many abdominal discord, all because of the cold wind outside and the heat inside closed caused.”These words were not completely unreasonable. Yongzheng's short life was also closely related to his mass production of mechanical fans and his greed for cold. The old master was also out of love for his son, but he had a limit. In the early years of Yongzheng, he had also suffered from the heat. Perhaps it was because of this. However, the content mentioned in this article was about the crown prince. He was fine and full of energy. However, his teacher, Tang Bin, and the others were all knocked down one by one. Who could be blamed for this? The crown prince deliberately made things difficult for his teacher and did not even give him a seat. The old man was also protective of his son. He said that the crown prince did not dare to do so because he did not follow the imperial edict. In short, the teachers of Prince Kangxi would either faint from exhaustion like Tang Bin or be whipped by their fathers in front of their students like Xu Yuanmeng. The old master had lost all his blessings since he was young, so he had a kind of compensation mentality for his children's love. He wanted to give them the best education and let them become the most outstanding people. Although the old master kept saying that he should not let the people around him praise his son, and if the people around him covered up his son's mistakes, he would punish them very severely. In fact, if his sons made any mistakes, he was still very tolerant on the premise that it did not endanger the imperial power.
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