Where did humans come from?
The theory of evolution believes that humans evolved from apes. Our country is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. The tooth fossils of the Yuanmou people discovered in 1965 proved that humans had existed in Yuanmou County about 1.7 million years ago. The discovery of the Anhui-zi Cave site in 1998 proved that humans had existed in the Anhui-zi Cave about 2.2 million to 2.59 million years ago.
Creation theory believes that human beings were created by magical forces. Our country's creation theory is similar to the creation theory of the Bible: The universe was originally a chaotic mass. Our country's Pan Gu used a giant axe to split the chaotic mass into two. The light qi rose to the sky, and the heavy qi sank to the ground. Nuwa imitated her own image and created human beings from soil. The foreign God created heaven and earth and created Adam and Eve in his own image.
In our country's long history of more than two million years, about three to four thousand years of history had written records. People couldn't understand the words of the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in our country, but people could understand the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty was recognized as the earliest dynasty in our country with written records. The unwritten history was mainly explained through legends, fossils, and historical remains. Legends, fossils, relics, and written history all proved that Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River basin, and Henan was the cradle of Chinese civilization.
The prehistoric civilization was mainly myths and legends, but myths and legends had the shadow of history. For the sake of the completeness of historical records, the author referred to myths and legends to describe the prehistoric civilization.
In the beginning, heaven and earth were in chaos. Pangu slept in the chaos for many years. When he woke up, he found that he was surrounded by darkness. He pulled out one of his teeth and turned it into a huge axe, splitting the chaos into two. The light and clear one rose to the sky, and the heavy and turbid one sank to the ground. Pangu was born between heaven and earth.
Pangu wanted to create a world full of life with his body, so he fell down with a smile. His left eye flew into the sky and became the sun, and his right eye flew into the sky and became the moon. The liquid in his eyes scattered into the sky and became stars.
His head turned into Mount Tai of the East, his feet turned into Mount Hua of the West, his left arm turned into Mount Heng of the South, his right arm turned into Mount Heng of the North, and his abdomen turned into Mount Song of the Middle.
His sweat turned into lakes on the ground, his blood turned into surging rivers, and his hair turned into grasslands and forests. The air he exhaled turned into a breeze and mist. The sound turned into thunder. His Yang root turned into Fuxi, and his breasts turned into Nuwa.
From then on, there was sunlight, rain, and dew in the human world. There were rivers, lakes, and seas on the earth. All things multiplied, and humans began to multiply.
Now, there was an ancient tomb in Laibin City, Guangxi Province, and Pangu Temple was difficult to count in all parts of the country.
After Pangu, there were three emperors: Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong, and five emperors: The Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Diku, Yao, and Shun were the leaders of the early human tribes.
The Nuwa era was a matriarchal society, and human reproduction increased. One day, the Water God Gonggong rebelled and fought with the Fire God Zhurong. He was defeated by Zhurong. Gonggong was so angry that he knocked his head against Mount Buzhou and broke the sky pillar, causing the sky to tilt in the northwest, the earth to sink in the southeast, floods to the sky, and the destruction of mankind. Goddess Nvywa refined the Five-Colored Stone to mend the sky. She broke the legs of the Divine Turtle to support the four poles of the sky, quelled the flood, eliminated the beasts, and created humans in her own image.
The shift from hunting to farming was a huge progress in human civilization, and Emperor Yan of Shennong had made a great contribution to it.
There were currently six battles in Emperor Yan's hometown: Baoji in Shaanxi, Huitong County in Hunan, Yanling County in Hunan, Suizhou in Hubei, Gaoping in Shanxi, and Zhecheng in Henan. Emperor Yan's tribe was located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. At first, it was set in Chen Di (now Huaiyang in Henan Province), and later moved its capital to Qufu (now Shandong Province). Emperor Yan knew how to use fire, invented farming tools, made pottery and cooking utensils for food, and taught people to cultivate crops and cook cooked food. He tasted hundreds of herbs and used them to treat the people. Once, when he tasted hundreds of herbs in Shennongjia, he died because he tasted the Heartbreak Grass.
The Yellow Emperor (2717 B.C. -2599 B.C.), whose hometown was in Xinzheng, Henan Province, was the first of the Five Emperors. He was honored as the "First Ancestor of Humanity" of China and unified the Chinese tribes. He made brilliant achievements in politics, economy, science and technology, culture, military, medicine, and other aspects. He invented and created south-pointing chariots, houses, clothes, vehicles and boats, formations, music, utensils, well fields, words, etc. He discussed diseases with Qi Bo and wrote the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic.
Zhuanxu (2591 - 2493 B.C.) was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and one of the Five Emperors. He was granted the title of Gaoyang (now Gaoyang Town, Qi City, Kaifeng, Henan Province). He first established his capital in Qiongsang (Qufu, Shandong Province), then moved his capital to Shangqiu (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), and later lived in Diqiu (now Puyang, Henan Province). Records of the Historian: Zhuanxu "Jingyuan is resourceful, smooth and knows things", he made the calendar and created Jiuzhou. After his death, he was buried in Guangyang Lane outside Dunqiu City, Puyang, Henan Province.
After Zhuanxu's death, Gao Xin (Emperor Ku), the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, succeeded him. Emperor Ku was born in Gaoxin (Gaoxin Town, Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province), one of the Five Emperors. His capital was built in Bo (b3)(Shangqiu City, Henan Province). Emperor Ku was perceptive, obeyed the will of the people, thought for the common people, and showed both benevolence and power to convince the people of the world. After his death, he was buried in the ancient Dixin (now Gaoxin Town, Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, where the Mausoleum of Emperor Ku was built).
Emperor Ku married Chen Feng's daughter and gave birth to Fang Xun. Emperor Ku married the daughter of the Zi family and gave birth to Zhi. After the death of Emperor Ku, Zhi took over the throne. After Di Zhi ascended the throne, he didn't do anything, so his younger brother ascended the throne. This was Emperor Yao.
Yao (c. 2377- 2259 B.C.) was born in Baoding, Hebei Province, and his capital was Pingyang (now Linfeng, Shanxi Province). Emperor Yao was as benevolent as heaven and as wise as god. Getting close to him was as warm as the sun. He ordered Xihe to determine the calendar, formulate the four seasons into a year, and issue farming seasons to the people. The vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumnal equinox, and winter solstice were determined. Yao set up the drum of remonstrance to let the people of the world do their best. Set up a tree to let the people of the world attack his mistakes.
When Yao was old, he asked the officials,"Who can inherit my career?"”
Fang Qi said,"Your son Dan Zhu is sensible.”
"You can't use it," said Yao.
He recommended Gong Gong.
"You can't use it," said Yao.
Yao then asked the four mountains,"Alas, now the flood is so great that the people are in great distress. Who can be sent to govern it?"”
Everyone said Gun could do it.
"You can't use it," said Yao.
The Four Peaks all said,"Use him. If he doesn't work, then remove him."”
Therefore, Yao listened to the suggestions of the four mountains and appointed Gun to control the flood. Gun controlled the flood for nine years, but he did not succeed.
Yao said,"Sigh! Four Peaks, I've been on the throne for 70 years. Who among you can follow the will of heaven and take over my throne?”
The Four Peaks replied,"Our virtue is humble, and we dare not defile the throne."”
Yao said,"Then let's recommend them from all the ministers with the same surname and those who live in seclusion."”
Everyone said to Yao,"There is a bachelor living among the people called Yu Shun." He was the son of a blind man. His father was ignorant, his mother stubborn, and his brother arrogant, but Shun could live in harmony with them, do his best to govern the family well, so that they would not go to evil.”
Yao said,"Then I'll try him."”Marry his two daughters to him and observe his behavior.
After three years of investigation, Yao found that Shun had good moral character and strong ability. He was the ideal successor. He said to Shun,"For the past three years, you've done everything meticulously. Now, you can ascend to the throne." Shun refused to accept the throne, saying that his virtue was not enough. On the first day of the first lunar month, Shun accepted Yao's abdication at the Wenzu Temple.
After Emperor Yao died, he was buried in the valley forest of Juancheng (in front of Zhao Qianzhuang, Fuchun Township, 7 kilometers south of Juancheng County, Heze City, Shandong Province).
Shun was born in Zhufeng (now Zhucheng in Shandong Province) and established his capital in Puban (now Yongji City in Shanxi Province).
Shun had plowed the fields, hunted fish, made pottery on the banks of the Yellow River, made all kinds of household utensils in Shouqiu, and sold goods in Fuxia. When Shun was twenty years old, he became famous for his filial piety. In a year, the place he lived in had become a village, a small town in two years, and a big city in three years.
After Yao's death and three years of mourning, Shun gave the throne to Yao's son Dan Zhu and hid himself on the south bank of Nanhe (present-day Hubei Province). The vassals who came to pay homage did not go to Dan Zhu but to Shun. Those who went to court did not go to Dan Zhu but to Shun. Those who praised merits did not praise Dan Zhu but to Shun. Shun said,"This is God's will." Then he arrived in Jingdou and ascended the throne.
Shun said to the four mountains,"Who can work hard and establish meritorious deeds, and grant him an official position to assist me in the cause of Emperor Yao?"”
The four mountains all said,"When Bo Yu is Sikong, he can carry forward the cause of Emperor Yao."”
Shun said,"Okay! Yu, you're in charge of stabilizing the water and soil. You must do your best!”
Yu knelt down and kowtowed to thank him. He humbly gave Ji, Qi and Gao Yao.
Shun said,"Alright, go!"
Shun appointed twenty-two people to be in charge of governing the country. Every three years, their achievements were assessed. After three assessments, they were promoted or demoted according to their achievements. All kinds of things were revitalized.
These twenty-two people had all achieved meritorious deeds: Gao Tao served as Dali, in charge of criminal law, fair judgment, people all admire him for being able to judge according to the facts; Boyi presided over the etiquette, from top to bottom can be polite enough; Chui served as an engineer and was in charge of all kinds of workers. All kinds of workers could do their jobs well. He was appointed as Yu, in charge of mountains and lakes, and the mountains, forests and lakes were developed. Abandoned Ren Ji, in charge of agriculture, all kinds of grain according to the season lush growth; Qi served as Situ, in charge of enlightenment, Baiguan are friendly and harmonious; Supervisor Long received the guests, and the distant vassals came to pay tribute. The twelve state governors set up by Shun did things, and the people of Jiuzhou set by Yu did not disobey. Among them, Yu's contribution was the greatest. He opened up nine mountains, governed nine lakes, dredged nine rivers, and opened up the Nine Provinces. All the places came to pay tribute according to the tribute that should be paid. The territory of five thousand li had been pacified, all the way to the border region furthest from the capital. All the people in the world praised Emperor Shun's merits. Therefore, Yu created "Jiushao" music to praise Shun's merits.
Shun abdicated the throne to Yu. Thirty-nine years after Shun ascended the throne, he toured the south and died in the countryside of Cangwu in the south. He was buried in Jiuyi Mountain in Hunan Province on the south bank of the Yangtze River. This was Lingling.
Yu's father was Gun, Gun's father was Emperor Zhuanxu, Zhuanxu's father was Changyi, and Changyi's father was the Yellow Emperor.
Emperor Yao appointed Gun to control the flood, but he did not succeed for nine years. At this time, Emperor Yao was looking for a successor to the throne and got Shun. Shun took over the government affairs of the emperor and patrolled the four directions. When he saw Gun's poor control of the flood, he exiled him to Yushan and appointed Gun's son Yu to continue the flood control.
Yu was intelligent, quick-witted, hard-working, moral, kind-hearted, amiable, and trustworthy.
Yu married Tushan's daughter, and left home to work four days after his marriage. He gave birth to his son, Qi, and did not raise him. He lived outside for thirteen years. He passed by his house three times without entering. He crossed mountains and ridges, set up wooden stakes as a sign, measured the appearance of mountains and rivers, and changed Gun's blocking method into dredging method.
Yu opened up nine mountain paths: One started from Mount Ji and Mount Qi all the way to Mount Jing, crossing the Yellow River. One was from Hukou Mountain and Leishou Mountain all the way to Taiyue Mountain. One was from Pillar Mountain and Xicheng Mountain all the way to Wangwu Mountain; One went from Taihang Mountain and Changshan all the way to Jieshi Mountain and connected to the sea. One was from Xiqing Mountain, Zhuyu Mountain, and Bird Rat Mountain all the way to Taihua Mountain; One was from Xiong 'er Mountain, Waifang Mountain, and Tongbai Mountain all the way to Fuwei Mountain. One went from Mount Yanzhong all the way to Mount Jing; One went from the Neifang Mountains to the Dabie Mountains; One of them went from the south of Mount Wen to Mount Heng, crossed Jiujiang, and finally reached Mount Fuqian.
Yu dredged the nine great rivers: the weak water was dredged to Heli, so that the lower reaches of the weak water flowed into the quicksand (desert). The black water flowed through Sanwei Mountain and into the South China Sea (Qinghai). Diversion of the Yellow River, starting from Jishi Mountain, to Longmen Mountain, south to Huayin, then east through Zhzhu Mountain, continue east to Mengjin, and then east through the Luo River into the mouth of the river, until Dapi; It then turned north and passed through the rain to reach the Great Land Marsh. Further north, it split into nine rivers. These nine rivers then converged downstream into one river called the Reverse River, which finally flowed into the sea. The water began to flow from the Yizhong Mountain. It flowed eastward to the Han River, and then eastward to the Canglang River. After passing through the Sanchao River, it reached the Dabie Mountains. It turned south and flowed into the Yangtze River. Then it flowed eastward to join the water of Penglize. It continued eastward to flow into the Beijiang River and the sea. Starting from Wenshan, the Yangtze River was diverted. To the east, a tributary was the Tuo River. Further east, it reached the Li River, passed through Jiujiang, and reached Dongling. It flowed diagonally to the east and met with the water of Penglize. Continuing to the east was the Zhongjiang River, and finally flowed into the sea. Diversion of the water, flowing eastward is the Jishui, into the Yellow River, the two waters meet, overflow into the Rongze, eastward through the north of the Taoqiu, continue eastward to the Heze, northeast to join the Wenshui, and then north into the sea. Starting from Tongbai Mountain, the Huai River was diverted to the east to join the Si River and Yi River, and then to the east to flow into the sea. Dredging the Wei River, starting from the bird and mouse cave mountain, eastward to meet the Feng River, then eastward to meet the Jing River, and then eastward through the Qi River, Ju River, into the Yellow River. Dredging the Luo River, starting from Xiong 'er Mountain, to the northeast to meet with the Jianshui and Mishui, and then to the east to meet with the Yi River, and then to the northeast to flow into the Yellow River.
All the mountains and rivers had been managed. From then on, the Nine Provinces were unified, and the four regions could be inhabited. Nine mountain ranges opened roads, nine rivers dredged water sources, and nine great lakes built dikes. The vassals from the four seas could come to the capital to meet and pay homage. From the east to the sea, from the west to the desert, from the north to the south, the emperor's prestige reached the remote border. Therefore, Emperor Shun rewarded Yu with a black jade representing the color of water to announce the success of the flood control. From then on, the world was peaceful and stable.
Emperor Shun abdicated the throne to Yu and made him the heir. Seventeen years later, Emperor Shun died. After three years of mourning, Yu took refuge in Yangcheng (now the site of Wangcheng Gang in Dengfeng, Zhengzhou, Henan Province) in order to give up the throne to Shun's son, Shang Jun. However, the vassals of the world did not worship Shang Jun but Yu. Only then did Yu inherit the throne of the Son of Heaven. The name of the country was Xia (about 2070 - 1600 years ago). The capital cities were successively Yangcheng (now the site of Wangjianggang in Dengfeng, Zhengzhou, Henan Province), Yangzhai (now the site of Yuzhou, Xuchang, Henan Province), Zhenxun (now the site of Erlitou, Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan Province), Shangqiu (now the Suiyang District of Shangqiu, Henan Province), Lun City (now 35 miles southeast of Limin Town, Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan Province), and Xiayi (now Xiayi County, Shangqiu, Henan Province).
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