Premeditated Invasion
After North and South Korea held separate elections in the summer of 1948 and established separate governments, the Soviet Union immediately proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union withdraw their troops from the Korean Peninsula at the same time, and they first implemented a one-sided withdrawal.
The purpose of Moscow's move was to express the Soviet Union's desire for peace in the Far East and urge the United States to withdraw its troops.
On the one hand, the Soviet Union was satisfied with the control of North Korea. On the other hand, it believed that North Korea's ability was enough to resist the South and even achieve the unification of the Korean Peninsula through peaceful means.
Since the 38th parallel was drawn, North and South Korea, which were controlled by the United States and the Soviet Union, had been in a state of opposition. Especially after the two sides established their own political institutions, the situation became more tense.
The Han President and the North Korean Prime Minister both wanted to solve the issue of the unification of the Korean nation through military means. The friction and crossfire near the 38th parallel continued to occur.
Entering June 1950, the Korean Peninsula began to become hot and uneasy. After the withdrawal of the Soviet Union and the United States, in just a few months, there were constant conflicts between the two sides. In just one week from March 3 to 10, there were 18 armed conflicts on the 38th parallel. However, in May, the military conflicts suddenly decreased rapidly. It was like the calm before a storm.
The old government's attempt to 'unify North Korea' had become very fervent before 1950.
With the support of the United States, he repeatedly rejected North Korea's proposal to resolve the North Korean issue peacefully.
Before the withdrawal, the U.S. military provided the regime with weapons and equipment worth 110 million dollars, including 100,000 light weapons, 50 million rounds of ammunition, 2,000 rocket launchers, more than 40,000 vehicles, and various artillery.
The U.S. military also expanded the war preparation roads from Inchon to Seoul, from Seoul to Pusan, and through Gimpo Airport and the 38th parallel. It also expanded the flight base centered on Gimpo Airport.
He also spent a lot of money to renovate the ports of Inchon, Pohang, and Lishui, and built naval bases in Mokpo and Mohu.
While building semi-permanent military facilities in important areas, hundreds of kilometers of trenches and communication trenches were also built along the 38th parallel.
In the summer of 1947, General Wedemeyer, the special envoy of the Tang Dynasty, visited South Korea and pushed South Korea's military expansion plan to the Tang Dynasty.
The support of the United States made the Chinese government a little stronger, but it was still far from his request to "go north".
The plan was to establish a 150,000-strong National Defense Force within two years. The military service law he issued stipulated that all South Korean men between the ages of 17 and 60 who were capable of labor were included in the scope of military service.
For this reason, he asked for both money and goods from the United States. His appetite was so big that President Truman felt that it was "excessive."
In 1949, the Tang Dynasty believed that his preparations were more or less mature, and declared that the North-South division must be resolved by war.
In October, he said at a press conference,"Without bloodshed, it is impossible to achieve unity and independence. Even if it is achieved, it will not last long.”
On October 31st, he gave a speech on the US cruiser, the Saint Foll, saying that "the North-South division must be resolved by war."
In order to prevent a fire in the backyard after the war, the government launched a large-scale crusade against the guerrillas and patriots of South Korea, killing more than 100,000 people.
In 1950, the Tang Dynasty entered the final stage of preparation for the unification of the north. In February, he led senior military officials to Tokyo to report his attack plan to MacArthur and listen to MacArthur's "specific instructions" on the military.
In April, the five divisions gathered near the 38th parallel were strengthened by direct artillery and other technical arms.
Since the beginning of 1949, the Soviet embassy in North Korea had been sending emergency telegrams to Moscow about a possible attack by South Korea.
However, apart from agreeing to provide North Korea with weapons to equip the two garrison brigades on the 38th parallel and deciding to let the Soviet naval unit continue to stay in Hamhung Port to assist North Korea in defense, Moscow was not in a hurry to take any positive measures.
During the meeting with the Tang army in early March, Starling only casually asked about the military strength of the North and South, as well as the results of the small-scale military conflict near the 38th parallel. She was satisfied with the Tang army's confident reply.
Since then, the tension between the North and the South has further intensified, especially before and after the withdrawal of the United States. The Tang regime has repeatedly issued war cries and repeatedly provoked the North and violated the border.
On April 20, 1949, the Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, Vasilevsky, and the Chief of Staff, Shtemenko, reported to Stalin on the situation at the 38th parallel:
"After our troops withdrew from North Korea, the southerners 'violation of the 38th parallel has become provocative and frequent. In the past month, such incidents of breaking the rules had occurred frequently.”
" From January 1st to April 15th this year, there were 37 incidents that violated the rules on the 38th parallel.
The report estimated that South Korea "may take new provocative actions against the North Korean government forces and use a larger force than so far." Considering this situation, the Soviet military intended to "recommend that the North Korean government command take appropriate measures to respond to the possible large-scale provocative actions of the southerners."
On May 2, the Soviet ambassador to North Korea, Shtkov, reported:
"In order to carry out the plan of an armed invasion of the North, the South Korean authorities have expanded the number of soldiers in the National Defense Force. According to the intelligence, the number of soldiers in the National Defense Force has increased from 53,600 on January 1 to 70,000 at the end of the first quarter. At the same time, they also paid special attention to technical soldiers, mechanized soldiers, and special forces, which increased by one to three times.”
The report also said that the South Korean authorities had gathered as many as 41,000 troops near the 38th parallel, of which 30,000 would be in the direction of pyongyong. The battle plan to attack the north had been formulated and conveyed to the battalion commander level in the 1st Brigade. It was expected that there would be positive action in June.
On May 28, Shtkov relayed a message from the government to Moscow:
"A few battalions of the South Korean army have launched an attack in the area of Jijing-ri, 45 kilometers south of Jinchuan City. A South Korean battalion was able to advance north of the 38th parallel and occupy the high ground.”
" The South Korean Army Command has assembled two battalions in the Kaesong area, attempting to occupy several highlands north of the 38th parallel.
According to intelligence reports," South Korea has gathered two battalions of the auxiliary regiment and one battalion of the 8th regiment of the 6th brigade in the direction of Cheolwon in the Chunchon area."
The government also reported that "South Korea has recently moved the troops that participated in the suppression of the uprising on Jeju Island to the vicinity of the 38th parallel."
In June and July, the situation became even more tense. June 18, Shtkov reported: The leaders of South Korea all advocated a military solution to the problem of national unification, but they had different opinions on the time.
The report said that the South Korean army and police had repeatedly crossed the 38th parallel without authorization in the Ongjin area. The battle in this area was still ongoing, and the number of South Korean troops had increased.
The South Korean troops once invaded 10 kilometers into the north. Due to the actions of the Northern Garrison Brigade, they were driven back to the 38th parallel.
The North Korean forces had occupied two high ground points of strategic importance, and the two sides were now engaged in a battle for the high ground.
Due to the incident in Wengjin, the government issued an official statement on June 11, saying,"They are making a surprise attack plan that will cause great losses to the rebels. In the next two to three weeks, this plan would be realized.”
On July 13, Shtkov called Vyshinsky and told him that according to the confession of the South Korean soldiers captured in the Ungjin area (belonging to the 18th Regiment, 2nd Battalion),"Their commander has spoken many times since July, asserting that the North Korean army is planning to attack the south, so the South Korean army should preemptively attack the North Korean army and occupy North Korea before August 15 (Korea Liberation Day)."”
The captive also confessed,"The mission of the 12th Regiment is to capture the Geli Mountain (30 kilometers west of Haizhou). The 18th Regiment's mission was to set off from the Wengjin area. With the cooperation of the 13th Regiment (according to the current intelligence, the regiment was deployed in the Kaesong area), they would attack the north and surround Haizhou. They would annihilate the northern army group in the city and occupy Haizhou Road within a week.”
Shtkov also reported the intelligence that the rebels were going to "attack the northern army in July."
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